

It was translated into English by Chris Rossetti (2012), and later reappeared in new Arabic editions.
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Author and publisher were put to trial and had to pay a EGP 5000 fine.
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The emergence of the first graphic novel by Magdy El Shafee met great obstacles for being considered by the authorities as “infringing upon public decency.” It was banned under article 178 of the Egyptian penal code criminalizing such publications. Their political humor was strongly connected to the growing antagonism against rulers (Margot 2).ĢChildren’s comics in Arabic flourished in Egypt as early as 1923 with Al-Awlad (Children), an eight–pages–long black and white newspaper, to be followed by Katkot (Chick) with serialized comic strips that have developed, ever since (Nadim Damluji 2016). In modern times, Egyptian cartoons evolved in the second half of the nineteenth century with the founding of newspapers in 1870. Later, Coptic and medieval Arabic manuscripts combined text and image (Coptic Museum).

It bears political insinuations by depicting a conflicting relationship between the keeper and the sacred baboons in his charge (Margot 3). Moreover, a bas-relief dating to the Old Kingdom circa 2,000 BCE at Cairo Museum may be considered as the earliest pictorial cartoon, according to Afaf L.

1Multimodality is not new to Egyptian culture whose ancient sign system was the hieroglyph (Lambeens & Pint 240) correspondingly, ancient Egyptian two dimensional mural art was at times sequential, illustrated by hieroglyphic inscriptions.
